Mendoza College Finance Conference gathers experts to discuss Dodd-Frank

In the aftermath of the economic crisis of 2008, the U.S.
Congress enacted one of the most comprehensive pieces of financial legislation
in American history: the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection
Act. But even now, three years since its passage, the law’s  impact on financial institutions is still
largely undetermined.

That was the opinion voiced by many of the experts who
gathered recently for the Conference on Dodd-Frank and the Future of Finance, a
two-day event held in June and sponsored by the Center for the Study ofFinancial Regulation at the Mendoza College of Business, University of Notre
Dame.  The conference, which took place
in Washington, D.C., brought together academicians, economists and high-level
regulators from the SEC and other agencies to discuss such aspects of
Dodd-Frank, as the Volcker Rule, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and
derivatives clearing and trading regulation, well as the overall act.

The sprawling Dodd-Frank law seeks to strengthen the financial
system by increasing transparency, accountability and stability. It also
aspires to end the government’s bailout of financial institutions deemed “too
big to fail.” A key (and controversial) provision of the law, the Volcker Rule,
prohibits banks from engaging in proprietary trading and certain activities
involving hedge funds.  Due to its
complexity, most of the law’s provisions have not yet taken effect.

Dodd-Frank also addresses issues that some observers say have
little direct relevance to the crisis or its causes. “Someone likened the process
that created Dodd-Frank to a barroom brawl,” said the moderator of a panel on
banking reform, Jim Overdahl, who is vice president in the securities and
finance practice at NERA Economic Consulting and a former chief economist for
the SEC. “Of course, the important thing about a barroom brawl is that you
don’t hit the guy who started the fight, you hit the guy you’ve been meaning to
hit.”

Craig Pirrong, a professor of finance at the Bower College
of Business, University of Houston, and Director for the Global Energy
Management Institute, likened the law to a horror show. “I call it Frankendodd
because it’s basically a monster that has gotten out of control of its
creators,” said Pirrong, who sat on the conference’s Panel on Derivatives Reform.

The complexity of Dodd-Frank mirrors uncertainty about the
precise causes of the 2008 crisis, doubt that persists after three years of
analysis. Hindsight, for once, is 20/80. “There is still significant
disagreement as to what the underlying causes of the crisis were and even less
agreement as to what to do about it, but what may be more disconcerting for
most economists is the fact that we can’t even agree on all the facts,” said
Anjan Thakor, the John E. Simon Professor of Finance at the Olin School of
Business at Washington University, St. Louis. “Did CEOs take too much risk? … Was
there too much leverage in the system? Did regulators do their job? Or was
forbearance a significant factor?” 

“There’s a lot of disagreement on even the basic facts,” Thakor
concluded.

Where there is agreement, it often coalesces around
criticism of the law, said John Dearie, executive vice president for policy at
the Financial Services Forum, an economic policy organization comprised of the
CEOs at large financial institution. Displeasure with the law is of four main
types, said Dearie, who sat on the conference’s final panel, An Overview of Dodd-Frank.

Critics say it is “absurdly long and complex,” that it’s
“just too damn difficult to implement,” that it is “largely silent on a number
of causes of the crisis,” including the role of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and
that it “institutionalized” problems that it should have solved, including the
“too big to fail” issue, Dearie said.

That drumbeat of criticism has contributed to a “broader and
deeper narrative … that nothing has really happened since the crisis,” he said.
“That is certainly not true. A great deal of progress has been made since 2008.”
Stronger asset and balance sheets and a doubling of capital and liquidity
levels since 2009 have made the banking system “far stronger and more
resilient.”

Dearie further suggested that requiring banks to hold higher
levels of capital, while prudent, has increasingly come to be seen as something
of a panacea. “Capital in recent months has emerged as not only a centrally
important issue but seemingly a silver bullet solution to virtually every
supervisory challenge, whether those challenges be associated with large
institutions or funding structures, wholesale deposit, et cetera,” he said.

Not only are higher levels of capital subject to the law of
diminishing return, “ever higher capital can even become perverse. It can actually
incentivize greater risk taking … which is certainly not the objective of the
higher capital policy,” Dearie said.

Sitting on the panel with Dearie were Barth, Larry
White and David Skeel. White is the Robert
Kavesh Professor of Economics?at?New York University’s ?Leonard N. Stern School of
Business. Skeel is the S. Samuel Arsht Professor of Corporate Law at the University of
Pennsylvania law School and author of The New Financial Deal: Understanding the
Dodd-Frank Act and Its (Unintended) Consequences (Wiley,
2011).

Barth asserted that that
the financial crisis originated in the housing sector and “began to emerge more
fully in the summer of 2007, spread throughout the financial system and that,
in turn, led to the recession in December of 2007, which ended in the summer of
2009.” But in the view of White, “too big to fail” was at the heart of the
financial crisis.

A key objective of
Dodd-Frank is to circumvent the government’s bailout of institutions whose
failure, in theory, could cripple the economy of the United States and the
world. Conference attendees consistently questioned whether the law would
accomplish that or other goals. “If we have another crisis, will [the
government] bail them out all over again?” asked Skeel. “In my view, this doesn’t
end too big to fail. Not at all.”

Skeel, the conference’s
final presenter, admitted being “sort of overwhelmed by the problems and
complexities what we’ve talked about over the last couple of days.”

“The few things we’re
pretty sure would work as a practical matter … are politically impossible. The
things that are politically possible … it’s not at all clear that they’ll
work.”

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